The fall of Constantinople and the decline of the Silk Road, this pair of occurrences, marked the start of European exploration.
What event led to the beginning of European exploration?
A set of connected events that took place in Europe between 1000 and 1650 served as the catalyst for the discovery and subsequent colonization of America.
The Ottoman Turks' conquest of Constantinople in 1453 was the major catalyst for European colonization of the New World. The Christian states of Western Europe were thus cut off from the silks and spices of the East.
As a result, option (a) and (c) is correct.
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